The Battle for Political Power in The Tempest Essay -- The Tempest Ess

Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a mans character, give him motive. -- Abraham capital of NebraskaShakespeares The Tempest forms a world within itself. Within this world, many topics regarding government, power and colonization are addressed. Shakespeare tackles the disco very(prenominal) of new places and races, the relationship among the colonized and the colonist, obsolescent world ideologies on new soil, as well as theories on civilization and government. These aspects at the core reveal a very clear crusade for political power. Prosperos first major monologue creates the foundation of such a theme. In 1.2 lines 30-175 Prospero tell his story recounting the usurpation of the power he had as Duke of Milan, then quickly renews his power on the island. Prospero beings his story with an authoritative tone stating Obey and be attentive (1.2 48). Desiring political power and ascendancy becomes the core from which other(a) themes derive. Power as the Central Theme Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, so enthralled In dignity, and for the liberal arts (1.2 73), twelve years earlier lost his duchy to his brother Antonio. Antonio, in turn, betrayed Prosperos trust by forming an alliance with the enemy, the King of Naples Alonso. This treaty gave Alonso annual tribute, to do him homage, Subject his coronet to his crown, and bend The dukedom, only unbowedalas, ridiculous MilanTo most ignoble stooping (1.2 113-116). Ultimately, Milan gave up its freedom and became subject to Naples. Prospero, whose library/ Was dukedom large enough (1.2 109-110), lost his position as the Duke of Milan and he and his threesome year old daughter Miranda were sent abroad a barque boreto sea (1.2 144-145). Eventual... ...cance to be defined. Works CitedBrown, Paul. This thing of duskiness I disclose mine. Political Shakespeare. Dollimore, Jonathan, and Alan Sinfield eds. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1985.Cohen, Walte r., et al. The Norton Shakespeare. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 2008. Frank, Mike. Shakespeares Existential Comedy. EssaysShakespeare Late Plays. Tobias, Richard eds. Ohio University Press, 1974.Hirst, David. The Tempest. London Macmillan Publishers, 1984.James, D.G. The Dream of Prospero. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1967.Madison, James., et al The Federalist Papers. New York Penguin Books, 1987.Mannoni, O. Prospero and Caliban The Psychology of Colonization. Great Britain Richard Clay and Company, 1956.Traversi, Derek. Shakespeare The inhabit Phase. California Stanford University Press, 1965. The battle for Political Power in The Tempest Essay -- The Tempest EssNearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a mans character, give him power. -- Abraham LincolnShakespeares The Tempest forms a world within itself. Within this world, many topics regarding government, power and colonization are addressed. Shakespeare tackles the discovery of new places and races, the relationship between the colonized and the colonist, old world ideologies on new soil, as well as theories on civilization and government. These aspects at the core reveal a very clear struggle for political power. Prosperos first major monologue creates the foundation of such a theme. In 1.2 lines 30-175 Prospero tell his story recounting the usurpation of the power he had as Duke of Milan, then quickly renews his power on the island. Prospero beings his story with an authoritative tone stating Obey and be attentive (1.2 48). Desiring political power and authority becomes the core from which other themes derive. Power as the Central Theme Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, so enthralled In dignity, and for the liberal arts (1.2 73), twelve years prior lost his dukedom to his brother Antonio. Antonio, in turn, betrayed Prosperos trust by forming an alliance with the enemy, the King of Naples Alonso. This treaty gave Alonso annual t ribute, to do him homage, Subject his coronet to his crown, and bend The dukedom, yet unbowedalas, poor MilanTo most ignoble stooping (1.2 113-116). Ultimately, Milan gave up its freedom and became subject to Naples. Prospero, whose library/ Was dukedom large enough (1.2 109-110), lost his position as the Duke of Milan and he and his three year old daughter Miranda were sent abroad a barque boreto sea (1.2 144-145). Eventual... ...cance to be defined. Works CitedBrown, Paul. This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine. Political Shakespeare. Dollimore, Jonathan, and Alan Sinfield eds. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1985.Cohen, Walter., et al. The Norton Shakespeare. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 2008. Frank, Mike. Shakespeares Existential Comedy. EssaysShakespeare Late Plays. Tobias, Richard eds. Ohio University Press, 1974.Hirst, David. The Tempest. London Macmillan Publishers, 1984.James, D.G. The Dream of Prospero. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1967.Madison, James. , et al The Federalist Papers. New York Penguin Books, 1987.Mannoni, O. Prospero and Caliban The Psychology of Colonization. Great Britain Richard Clay and Company, 1956.Traversi, Derek. Shakespeare The Last Phase. California Stanford University Press, 1965.

Changes to the Bill of Rights :: American America History

Changes to the Bill of RightsHow numerous offices do you necessitate? You should check, because it might not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or even a few months ago. Some people I talk to be not concerned that natural law will execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set up roadblocks and stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do not visit these as great infringements on their rights. But when you put current events together, there is information that may be surprising to people who have not provided been concerned The amount of the Bill of Rights that is downstairs attack is alarming.Lets take a look at the Bill of Rights and see which aspects argon existence pushed on or threatened. The point here is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness, but the sheer number of rights that argon under attack.Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the put down exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the narrow or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.ESTABLISHING RELIGION While campaigning for his first term, George Bush said I dont know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this statement, in spite of requests to do so. According to Bush, this is one nation under God. And apparently if you are not within Bushs religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. federal official, state, and local governments also promote a particular religion (or, occasionally, religions) by spending everyday money on religious displays.FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a judge. Braunstein says the customs of rising in court started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since judges no longer carry Bi bles, Braunstein says there is no reason to stand -- and his Bible tells him to admire no another(prenominal) God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were jailed and are now suing.FREE SPEECH We find that technology has given the government an excuse to interfere with free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are a limited resource, the government tells broadcasters what to say (such as news and public and local service programming) and what not to say (obscenity, as define by the Federal Communications Commission FCC).Changes to the Bill of Rights American America HistoryChanges to the Bill of RightsHow many rights do you have? You should check, because it might not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or even a few months ago. Some people I talk to are not concerned that police will execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set up roadblocks and stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do not regard these as great infringements on their rights. But when you put current events together, there is information that may be surprising to people who have not yet been concerned The amount of the Bill of Rights that is under attack is alarming.Lets take a look at the Bill of Rights and see which aspects are being pushed on or threatened. The point here is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness, but the sheer number of rights that are under attack.Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.ESTABLISHING RELIGION While campaigning for his first term, George Bush said I dont know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this statement, in spite of requests to do so. Acc ording to Bush, this is one nation under God. And apparently if you are not within Bushs religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. Federal, state, and local governments also promote a particular religion (or, occasionally, religions) by spending public money on religious displays.FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a judge. Braunstein says the tradition of rising in court started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since judges no longer carry Bibles, Braunstein says there is no reason to stand -- and his Bible tells him to honor no other God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were jailed and are now suing.FREE SPEECH We find that technology has given the government an excuse to interfere with free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are a limited resource, the government tells broadcasters what to say (such as news and public and local service programming) and wha t not to say (obscenity, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission FCC).

War Poetry :: English Literature

War PoetryAlfred Tennyson and Wilfred Owen present different ideas about war intheir poems, The Charge of the Light brigade and Dulce et Decorumest. Write about these poems and their egress on you.The Charge of the Light Brigade was written by Alfred, LordTennyson, about The Battle of Balaclava which took place in 1854.Tennyson wrote the poem using randomness from an article in The Timesand it remembers the bravery of the outnumbered cavalry men who werewrongly sent into battle.Dulce et Decorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during the FirstWorld War. It was written to manoeuver the truth about war and toillustrate that it is not a good thing to die for your country.The Charge of the Light Brigade has six verses. The third, fourthand fifth part stanzas concentrate on the battle itself. The main part ofthe battle is depicted in verse four and tells how the soldiers weresabring the gunners and how Cossack and Russian reeled portrayingthe victory of the Light Brigade. The last-plac e stanza is a message fromthe poet to honour the Light Brigade and not to forget what the sixhundred men did.The poem has a constant rhyming praxis all the way through with wordslike blundered, hundred, thundered and wondered or shell,fell and well. Having this rhyming pattern throughout makes thepoem count to flow more easily and gives it a more prominent structure.It emulates the pace of the battle which was over in twenty minutes.The rhythm of The Charge of the Light Brigade mimics the profound ofhorses hooves by using tripling such as half a league, half aleague, half a league onward the sound of galloping horses iscontinued when the poet uses words like volleyed and thundered.Tennyson draws attention to the fact that The Battle of Balaclava wasone of the biggest military blunders ever made in his poem by paperInto the jaws of death, into the mouth of hell showing that to sendthe Light Brigade into battle was wrong and that hardly any of themwould return.In verse two the poet informs the reader that the soldiers knew that amistake had been made but followed the orders anyway. The linesTheirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to doand die show that the soldiers could not refuse to go into battle, sluice if they knew someone had blundered, all they had to do was gointo battle and die.Tennyson shows admiration for the Light Brigade in his poem.

Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 130 and Campion’s There

Lust and Love in Shakespe atomic number 18s Sonnet cxxx and lychniss there is a Garden in Her breast When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poetrys exact descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the look of the talker, but the speaker in Campions poem discusses the womans beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeares poem shows that it is the womans faults which grow her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speakers love is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a foundation that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly use to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made of orient pearl a reiterate row (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of honor and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is save emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as a heavenly paradise(3), her eyes are like angels(13), and her lips are called sacred cherries(17). They are a forbid fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or level look at till Cherry ripe themselves do cry (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as bended bows (14) ready to kill with piercing frowns(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campions poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her . The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeares sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress looks. Everything about her is contrary to societys standards, but he understands the giddiness of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress than meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her. Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of slope Literature. New York Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. There is a Garden in Her Face. Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 130. Abrams 820. Essay on Lust and Love in Shakespeares Sonnet 130 and Campions There Lust and Love in Shakespeares Sonnet 130 and Campions There is a Garden in Her Face When a comparison is made between There is a Garden in Her Face by Thomas Campion and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare, the difference between lustful adoration and true love becomes evident. Both poems involve descriptions of a beloved lady seen through the eyes of the speaker, but the speaker in Campions poem discusses the womans beautiful perfections, while the speaker in Shakespeares poem shows that it is the womans faults which make her beautiful. In There is a Garden in Her Face, the subject of the speakers affection is idolized beyond reality and is placed so high upon a pedestal that she is virtually unattainable. Campion uses metaphors and similes to compare the lady to the splendors of nature. Roses and cherries are repeatedly used to describe various parts of the lady, like her rosy cheeks and luscious lips. Her teeth are said to be made of orient pearl a double row (line 8). The white of the pearl, the lilies and the snow build the image of a woman of purity and virtue. This notion of the lady as a divine creature is further emphasized by the many references to heaven. Her face is seen as a heavenly paradise(3), her eyes are like angels(13), and her lips are called sacred cherries(17). They are a forbidden fruit, similar to those of the garden of Eden, that no one may touch or even look at till Cherry ripe themselves do cry (5). The lady is viewed to be unapproachable unless she gives her permission to be approached. She seems cold and unfeeling when her brows are described as bended bows (14) ready to kill with piercing frowns(15), so it is likely that she does not give her permission easi... ...uty which is impossible for any woman or man to match. Campions poem reflects this impossible ideal that society inflicts on us. This woman in There is a Garden in Her Face could never really live up to the image that the speaker has created of her. The image is false, and so is his love because he is only focusing on her outward appearance. The speaker in Shakespeares sonnet clearly is not in love with his mistress looks. Everything about her is contrary to societys standards, but he understands the absurdity of these standards and rejects them. There is more to his mistress tha n meets the eye, and that is why he truly loves her. Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. New York Norton, 1993. Campion, Thomas. There is a Garden in Her Face. Abrams 1044. Shakespeare, William. Sonnet 130. Abrams 820.

Abortion is Seriously Wrong Essay -- essays research papers

spontaneous stillbirth is Seriously WrongMany clinics provide stillbirth services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned maternity rather than an uncontrollable one. Unplanned in event that a contraceptive failed, or may non have been easily accessible uncontrolled in the sense of particularors being greater than limited contraception. miscarriage has been performed in many clinics as a interference for unfit or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to bear an infant before deterrent examplely ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs maternalism, wherefore abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, p ass judgment that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women argon the sole classical soulfulnesss in stating if they argon capable of withholding a full term pregnancy.As an advocate of womens recompenses to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is clean-livingly ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. There are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the bar of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the goernment made it even more difficult to obtain an abort ion, we wouldnt be supporting the even outeousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, and then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable.For those whom agree that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy al... ...fective means of birth control available yet, to the public. If there were, then abortion could be abolished, and unwanted pregnancies wouldnt occur.In conclusion, abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy resulting in the death of the fetus. A fetus is a soul and has a right to life. I believe Immanuel Kant would suggest that maybe a woman has a duty to abort a child for the mere fact that she has a duty not to bring that child into the world. On the other hand, he might state that she has a duty to give that child the right to live life to the fullest. The child may lead a prosperous life that leads to happiness and aborting it would deprive that. We as people have a moral duty to do what is ethically correct for the greatest amount of people. Utilitarianism is acting so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good all over bad for everyone affected by our actions according to John Stuart Mill (51). Legalizing abortion affects us all. If no one were able to have an abortion, then everyone would have an suitable right to life. Who is to say that is not for the greatest balance of good over bad for everyone. Abortion is seriously wrong except perhaps in elevated cases. Abortion is Seriously Wrong Essay -- essays research papersAbortion is Seriously WrongMany clinics provide abortion services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an uncontrollable one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not have been easily accessible uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a intercession for unfit or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to bear an infant before morally ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, pass judgment that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy.As an advocate of womens rights to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. There are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the stripe of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abortion, we wouldnt be supporting the righteousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable.For those whom agree that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy al... ...fective means of birth control available yet, to the public. If there were, then abortion could be abolished, and unwanted pregnancies wouldnt occur.In conclusion, abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy resulting in the death of the fetus. A fetus is a person and has a right to life. I believe Immanuel Kant would suggest that maybe a woman has a duty to abort a child for the mere fact that she has a duty not to bring that child into the world. On the other hand, he might state that she has a duty to give that child the right to live life to the fullest. The child may lead a prosperous life that leads to happiness and aborting it would deprive that. We as people have a moral duty to do what is ethically correct for the greatest amount of people. Utilitarianism is acting so as to produce th e greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions according to John Stuart Mill (51). Legalizing abortion affects us all. If no one were able to have an abortion, then everyone would have an advert right to life. Who is to say that is not for the greatest balance of good over bad for everyone. Abortion is seriously wrong except perhaps in high-minded cases.

Abortion is Seriously Wrong Essay -- essays research papers

spontaneous stillbirth is Seriously WrongMany clinics provide spontaneous abortion services for women with unplanned or unruly pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an difficult one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not involve been easily accessible uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a treatment for big or unhealthy women, and for women who may befuddle been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens be intimates be sacrificed to each(prenominal)ow an infant before virtuously ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should indorse as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, ac cepting that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy.As an advocate of womens castigates to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usu whollyy being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. in that location are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the prevention of pregnancy. If checkup doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abor tion, we wouldnt be supporting the skilfuleousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissible because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable.For those whom with withstand that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy al... ...fective means of birth control available yet, to the public. If there were, then abortion could be abolished, and unwanted pregnancies wouldnt occur.In conclusion, abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy resulting in the death of the fetus. A fetus is a person and has a right to life. I believe Immanuel Kant would suggest that maybe a woman has a occupation to abort a child for the mere fact that she has a concern not to bring that child into the world. On the other hand, he might stat e that she has a duty to give that child the right to bouncing life to the fullest. The child may lead a prosperous life that leads to happiness and aborting it would deprive that. We as people have a moral duty to do what is ethically correct for the greatest amount of people. Utilitarianism is acting so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over disobedient for everyone affected by our actions according to John Stuart Mill (51). Legalizing abortion affects us all. If no one were able to have an abortion, then everyone would have an equal right to life. Who is to say that is not for the greatest balance of good over shitty for everyone. Abortion is seriously wrong except perhaps in rare cases. Abortion is Seriously Wrong Essay -- essays research papersAbortion is Seriously WrongMany clinics provide abortion services for women with unplanned or uncontrollable pregnancies. Some women find themselves with an unplanned pregnancy rather than an uncontrol lable one. Unplanned in fact that a contraceptive failed, or may not have been easily accessible uncontrolled in the sense of factors being greater than limited contraception. Abortion has been performed in many clinics as a treatment for forged or unhealthy women, and for women who may have been molested or raped. Abortion shouldnt be used as a form of contraception, nor should womens lives be sacrificed to persist an infant before morally ready to commit. If a woman is raped, and the outcome incurs pregnancy, then abortion is an alternate form of controlling the unwanted pregnancy. Abortion should stand as only the womans choice, never as a decision adverse to Pro-Life activists. Pro-Choice advocates seem to vindicate abortion, accepting that abortion is not considered a form of birth control, but merely a method of controlling the woman and fetus future. Women are the sole determinate persons in stating if they are capable of withholding a full term pregnancy.As an advocate of womens rights to Pro choice, I am extending my viewpoints to you in this proposition. Many people have their opinions on abortion, usually being one extreme or the other. Advocates or Pro choice often finds themselves swaying their opinions of when abortion is morally ethical dependent upon the controlling factors. Advocates of Pro Life are consistently perusing abortion, stating that it is morally wrong, and unethical in all matters, even if the pregnancy is inadvertent. at that place are factors remaining in todays society that are very forthcoming and are unanticipated by women in the prevention of pregnancy. If medical doctors abolished the procedure, or if the government made it even more difficult to obtain an abortion, we wouldnt be supporting the righteousness of many women in the U.S. today. If contraception, in all forms, were 100% effective, then abortion could be abolished. Until medical research and testing finds a foolproof contraceptive, abortion is morally permissib le because of obvious factors that are uncontrollable.For those whom oblige that abortion is an ethical procedure, there are some instances where it is morally questionable. Does an inopportune pregnancy al... ...fective means of birth control available yet, to the public. If there were, then abortion could be abolished, and unwanted pregnancies wouldnt occur.In conclusion, abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy resulting in the death of the fetus. A fetus is a person and has a right to life. I believe Immanuel Kant would suggest that maybe a woman has a duty to abort a child for the mere fact that she has a duty not to bring that child into the world. On the other hand, he might state that she has a duty to give that child the right to live life to the fullest. The child may lead a prosperous life that leads to happiness and aborting it would deprive that. We as people have a moral duty to do what is ethically correct for the greatest amount of people. Utilitarianis m is acting so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions according to John Stuart Mill (51). Legalizing abortion affects us all. If no one were able to have an abortion, then everyone would have an equal right to life. Who is to say that is not for the greatest balance of good over bad for everyone. Abortion is seriously wrong except perhaps in rare cases.

A discussion of the symbolism of death in Edgar Allen Poe

Only the people of his age or generation oblique in possibility up areas of human experience for creative handling which he established. The reality for human being is basically very deep according to his idea, his idea excessively states that human beings reality differs to bring outside reality, and nature is intensely unreasonable.As the telepathist of the current emotional response, symbolist association or group called him afterwards the generation gap of two. Edgar lost his mother through exploitation and father through neglecting at very young age of 3 years he has only older brother and younger sister.The children of his families were divided up, going to different people syndicate to live. Edgar went Virginia that is home of Frances Allan and John which gave him a middle name Poe, and the house was a charitable Richmond.The connection between Poes effort, hard work and his terrifying life isnt tough. Behind a show of sometimes significant, sometimes reduced realism, his imaginary work looks like the dreams of a troubled individual who keeps coming back, night after night, to the same pattern of dream.At that period he traces out the pattern evenly, at other times in a considerate humor, but normally the manner is terror. He finds himself downward, into a basement, a wine sepulchre chamber, eddy, always falling.To show the investigation of the human being, an example was given to his opp anent by Poe. The example was about the final arrival of the deep privacy of his familiar personality for himself by going away deep into himself .According to the investigation, to distinguish much of 20th-century skill, and it is the notable success of Poe as an performer that his work looks in the lead with such dreaded accuracy to the work of the century that followed.When seeing the building at first sight, his courage was pervade, seeing the unbearable darkness, he was not knowing how it happened to him.Before him he looked at the scene of the walls which where unwelcoming, the windows which were vacant, the house which are plain or measly, and the straightforward scenery features of the area, he also looked upon a small number of grade sedges, the trees where decomposed and had white trunks, with an compulsory depression of soul which he can compare to no possible feeling more correctly than to the after, in everyday life there is acidity fall, the covering was too dropping and ugly, dream of the reveller upon opium.Presently there was coolness, a dipping an illness of the heart, not convert dullness of thinking which not make of the mood might suffer into aught of the inspiring. What was it He silenced to believe what was it that so scared him in the meditation of the House of Usher?It neither was an inscrutability every one unsolvable nor can He struggle by way of the obscure imagine that packed ahead him because He considered.He was required to drop reverse ahead the unacceptable end, that at the same time as, further than u ncertainty, there are mixtures of extremely straightforward ordinary substance which contain the control of therefore touching everyone, unmoving the examination of this authority dishonesty amongst thoughts away from the deepness. Work cited pagewww.bookrags.com. March 26, 2008. http//www.bookrags.com/biography/edgar-allan-poe/.www.classic-literature.co.uk. March 26, 2008. http//www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-authors/19th-century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher/www.classic-literature.co.uk. March 26, 2008. http//www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-authors/19th-century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher/book-page-02.asp

Law of torts Essay

The word tort is of French origin and is equivalent of the English word wrong, and the papistical soundity term delict. It is derived from the Latin word tortum, which agent twisted or crooked. It implies conduct that is twisted or crooked. It is commonly used to mean a f every last(predicate)ing out of duty amounting to a civil wrong. Definition a tort is defined as a civil wrong for which the remedy is a common law work onion for unliquidated modifys and which is non exclusively the breach of a contr achievement or the breach of a trust or other save honest obligation.A tort arises due to a soulfulnesss duty to others in universally which is created by one law or the other. A soulfulness who positions a tort is known as a tortfeaser, or a wrongdoer. Where they atomic number 18 more than one, they ar called joint tortfeaser. Their wrongdoing is called tortuous act and they are apt(p) to be workd jointly and severally. The normal aim of the Law of tort is compensat ion of victims or their dependants. Grants of exemplary violates in certain parapraxiss will depict that deterrence of wrong doers is also another aim of the law of tort. OBJECTIVES OF LAW OF TORTS.i. To determine dependables between commenceies to a dispute. ii. To save the continuation or repetition of legal injury e. g. by giving orders of injunction. iii. To protect certain rights recognized by law e. g. a persons reputation or good name. iv. To restore piazza to its rightful owner e. g. where retention is wrongfully taken away from its rightful owner. CONSTITUENTS OF TORT To constitute a tort or civil injury 1. at that place essential be a wrongful act or omission. 2. The wrongful act or omission moldiness ground rise to legal damage or actual damage and 3.The wrongful act must be of much(prenominal) a nature as to give rise to a legal remedy in the skeletal frame of an accomplishment for change. The wrongful act or omission whitethorn however not necessari ly cause actual damage to the complainant in order to be actionable. Certain civil wrongs are actionable all the same though no damage may ache been suffered by the complainant. 1. Wrongful act. The act complained of should, to a lower place the dower be legally wrongful as regards the fellowship complaining, i. e. it must prejudicially affect him in whatever legal right. This must be an act or an omission. 2. Damage. The sum of money awarded by motor hotel to compensate damage is called damages.Damage means the difference or harm caused or presumed to be suffered by a person as a result of some wrongful act of another. level-headed damage is not the same as actual damage. Every infringement of the complainants private right or unauthorized interference with his property gives rise to legal damage. on that point must be violation of a legal right in cases of tort. The real signifi passelce of legal damage is illustrated by two bywords that is to say Injuria sinning damno and Damnum sine injuria. Damnum is meant damage in the substantial sense of money, loss of comfort, service, health or the like.By injuria is meant a tortuous act. Injuria sine damno. This is the infringement of and absolute private right without whatsoever actual loss or damage. The phrase simply means Injury without damage. The person whose right is infringed has a cause of action e. g. right to property and liberty are actionable per-se i. e. without proof of actual damage. Example Refusal to register a voter was held as an injury per-se even when the favorite candidate win the election Damnum sine injuria This is the occasioning of actual and substantial loss without infringement of any right.The phrase simply means Damage without injury. No action lies. Mere loss of money or moneys worthy does not constitute a tort. at that place are whiley acts, which though harmful are not wrongful, and give no right of action. i. e. damage without injury. 3. Remedy. The essential r emedy for a tort is action for damages, entirely there are other remedies also e. g. injunction, specific cognitive operation, restitution etc. Further, damages claimable in tort action are unliquidated damages. The law of tort is said to be a founded of the maxim- Ubi jus ibi remedium i. e. there is no wrong without a remedy. separate elements of tort In certain cases, the following may form part of requirements for a wrong to be tortuous. 1. Voluntary and in automatic acts acts and omissions may be voluntary or involuntary. An involuntary act does not give rise to obligation in tort. 2. Mental elements complainant may be required to show some mar on the part of the suspect. Fault here means failure to live up to some ideal standard of conduct set by law. To determine fault, the following may be prove- a) Malice In the popular sense, malice means ill-will or spite.In Law, it means i) intentional doing of a wrongful act and, ii) improper motive. b) Intention i. e. where a per son does a wrongful act knowing the possible consequences likely to arise, he is said to score intended that act, and is therefore at fault. c) Recklessness i. e. where a person does an act without caring what its consequences might be, he is at fault. d) Negligence i. e. where the circumstances are such that a person ought to work foreseen consequences of his act and avoided it altogether, he would be at fault if he bothers not.e) Motive Motive is the ulterior objective or advise of doing an act and differs from intention. 3. Malfeasance, misfeasance and non-feasance Malfeasance? refers to the commission of a wrongful act which is actionable per-se and do not require proof of intention or motive. Misfeasance? is applicable to improper performance of some lawful act, for example, where there is slight. ?Non-feasance? refers to the omission to perform some act where there is an obligation to perform it. Non-feasance of a gratuitous undertaking does not confabulate liability, but misfeasance does. Distinctions between Contract and Tort.1. In a contract the parties fix the duties themselves whereas in tort, the law fixes the duties. 2. A contract stipulates that only the parties to the contract can sue and be sued on it (privity of contract) eon in tort, privity is not needed in order to sue or be sued. 3. In the case of contract, the duty is owed to a definite person(s) tour in tort, the duty is owed to the community at large i. e. duty in- rem. 4. In contract remedy may be in the form of liquidated or unliquidated damages whereas in tort, remedies are always unliquidated. Distinctions between Tort and Crime 1.In tort, the action is brought in the court by the injured caller to obtain compensation whereas in crime, proceedings are conducted by the state. 2. The aim of litigation in torts is to compensate the injured party while in crime the offender is punished by the state in the interest of the society. 3. A tort is an infringement of the civil rights belonging to individuals while a crime is a breach of public rights and duties, which affect the whole community. 4. Parties involved in criminal cases are the Prosecution verses the Accused person while in Torts, the parties are the Plaintiff versus the Defendant.GENERAL DEFENSES IN TORT Generally, a plaintiff has to prove his case in a court of law and if he does so successfully, judgment is passed against the defendant. The defendant on the other hand may defend the case against himself successfully, thus making the plaintiffs action fail. there are some general justifications which may be taken to tortuous liability. 1. Volenti Non fit Injuria The general rule is that a person cannot complain for harm done to him if he consented to run the attempt of it.For example a boxer, foot baler, cricketer, etc.cannot seek remedy where they are injured while in the game to which they consented to be involved. Where a defendant pleads this self-abnegation team, he is in effect saying that the plaintiff consented to the act, which he is now complaining of. It must be proved that the plaintiff was aware of the nature and extent of the risk involved. There are however some limitations to the application of the maxim of volenti non fit injuria -First, no unlawful act can be legalized by consent, leave or license. -Secondly, the maxim has no validity against an action based on breach of statutory duty.-Thirdly, the maxim does not apply in rescue cases such as where the plaintiff has, under an exigency caused by the defendants wrongful misconduct, consciously and deliberately faced a risk, even of death to rescue another from impending danger of personal injury or death, whether the person endangered is one to whom he owes a duty of protection as in a element of his family, or is a undefiled stranger to whom he owes no such special duty. -Fourthly, the maxim does not apply to cases of negligence.-Lastly, this maxim does not apply where the act of the plaintiff reli ed upon to establish the defense under the maxims the very act which the defendant was under a duty to embarrass. 2. Inevitable Accident. This means an stroke, which cannot be prevented by the cause of ordinary supervise, caution or skill of an ordinary man. It occurs where there is no negligence on the part of the defendant because the law of torts is based on the fault principle an injury arising out of an inevitable accident is not actionable in tort. 3. Vis Major (ACT OF GOD).This is also an inevitable accident caused by natural repels garbled with human beings e. g. earthquake, floods, thunderstorm, etc. 4. Necessity Where intentional damage is done so as to prevent greater damage, the defense of necessity can be raised. sometimes a person may find himself in a position whereby he is forced to interfere with rights of another person so as to prevent harm to himself or his property. The general rule is that a person should not unduly interfere with the person or property o f another. It is only in colossal cases of imminent danger that the defense of necessity maybe upheld.It is based on the principle that the welfare of the people is the supreme law. Whether the defense of necessity would extend to inflicting injuries to the person is debatable. 5. Self Defense Everyone has a right to defend his person, property and family from unlawful harm. A person who is attacked does not owe his attacker a duty to fudge. Everyone whose carriage is threatened is entitled to defend himself and may use force in doing so. The force used must be reasonable and proportionate to that of the attacker. Normally, no communicative provocation can justify a blow.An occupier of property may defend it where his right or interest therein is wrongfully interfered with. However, in defend ones property, he cannot do an act which is injurious to his neighbour neither can he adopt a course which may have defect of diverting the mischief from his own let down to the go throu gh of another person which would otherwise have been protected. 6. Mistake The general rule is that a mistake is no defense in tort, be it a mistake of law or of fact. Mistake of fact, however, maybe relevant as a defense to any tort in some exceptional circumstances e. g.malicious prosecution, false imprisonment and deceit.Thus where a police officer arrests a person about to commit a crime but the person arrested turns out to be innocent the police officer is not apt. Mistake however, cannot be a defense in actions for defamation. 7. statutory Authority When the commission of what would otherwise be a tort, is authorized by a statute the injured person is remediless, unless so far as the legislature has thought it proper to provide compensation to him. The statutory endorsement extends not merely to the act authorized by the statute but to all inevitable consequences of that act.But the powers conferred by the legislature should be exercised with judgment and caution so that no unnecessary damage is done, the person must do so in good faith and must not exceed the powers granted by the statute otherwise he will be liable. 8. Novus Actus Interveniens. This is when a concatenation of events results from a tort so that the loss suffered is not within the scope of those that would naturally occur from the first tort. To refer to a novus actus interveniens is in fact merely another way of saying that the loss was not reasonably foreseeable. This however, does not become an excuse if a).An act done in the agony of the moment created by the defendants tort. E. g. If you threw a lighted firework into a crowded market place. Several people threw the firework from their vicinity until it explodes on another? s face. b). Where the intervening act is a rescue. 9. 9 contributing(prenominal) negligence The defendant may rely upon this defense if the plaintiff is also to blame for his suffering. The defendant must prove that The plaintiff exposed himself to the risk by his act or omission. The plaintiff was at fault or negligent. The plaintiffs negligence or fault contributed to his suffering.This defense does not absolve the defendant from liability. It merely apportions compensation of damages between the parties who contributed to the loss. This defense is not available if the plaintiff is a child of tender age. overstep Trespass as a wrong has a very wide application. It could mean unlawful presence in anothers closure or land or premises, offence to the body of a person or even mean wrongful taking of goods or chattels. To constitute the wrong of horn in, neither force nor unlawful intention not actual damage nor breaking of an enclosure is necessary.Every invasion of private property, be it ever so kidskin is a trespass. Trespass may take any of the following three forms a) Trespass to land. b) Trespass to person, and c) Trespass to goods. TRESPASS TO LAND Trespass to land may be connected by any of the following acts a) Entering upon the land or property of the plaintiff b) Continuing to remain in such land or property on expiry of license i. e. Permission to be in it. c) Doing an act affecting the sole self-control of the plaintiff, in each case without justification. d) By throwing objects into anothers land.e) By using the right of entry for purposes other than for which it was allowed. Generally, trespass to land is a civil wrong. However it may give rise to criminal proceeding It is important to note that trespass to land is actionable per se, that is, without proof of special damage. In other words, it is not a defense that no damage has been caused by the trespass. Remedies for Trespass to land. 1. Defense of property He may have to use force till he gets possession but not unnecessary amount of force of violence. This is called remedy of ejection. 2.Expulsion of trespasser especially in case of continued trespass. 3. Distress damage feasant He may seize and retain them impounded as a pledge for the redress of the injury sustained. 4. Damages This means recovery of monetary compensation from the defendant. 5. Injunction This may be obtained to ward off a threatened trespass or to prevent a continuing trespass. 6. Action for recovery of Land In case the plaintiff is wrongfully dispossessed of his land he can sue for the recovery of the land from the defendant. Defenses against Trespass on land. i.Statutory authority Where the law allows entry upon land. ii. initiation by license Where entry is authorized by land owner, unless authority is abused. iii. Adverse possession Where land has been peacefully possessed for over 12 age without disturbance. iv. Act of Necessity Example is entry to put off fire for public safety is justifiable. v. By order of court of law This may be in execution of court order e. g. by court brokers. vi. Self-defense a trespasser may be excused as having been done in self-defense or in the defense of a persons goods, chattels or animals. vii.Re-entry on land A person wrongfully dispossessed of land may re-take possession of it if it? s possible for him to do so peacefully and without the use of force. In this case, he will not be liable for trespass to land. viii. Re-taking of goods and chattels if person unlawfully takes the goods and chattels of another upon his own land, he impliedly licenses the owner of the goods to enter his land for the purpose of recaption. TRESPASS TO PERSON Any direct interference with the person (body) of another is actionable in the absence of any lawful justification.Trespass to person includes assault, battery and false imprisonment. Assault Assault means conduct or threat to apply violence on the person of the plaintiff in circumstances that may create apprehension that the latter is in real danger. It is committed when a person threatens to use force against the person of another thus putting the other person in fear of adjacent danger. Examples Shaking of fist, pointing of a gun menacingly at ano ther, letting go a dog fiercely etc. It is important to note that not every threat amounts to assault. There must be the means of carrying out the threat and the capacity to effect the threat.The person threatened must be put in fear of immediate danger. An assault is a tort as well as a crime. The intention as well as the act makes assault. Mere words do not amount to assault unless it gives the user? s gesture such a meaning as may amount to assault. Battery Battery means the actual application (use) of force against the person of another without lawful justification. It is immaterial whether the force is applied directly or indirectly to the person. But there must be actual bodily contact between the plaintiff and the defendant.Examples striking of another person or touching another person in a rude manner, pouring water on or spitting on another person. Assault and battery is actionable per-se (damage does not have to be proved). chimerical Imprisonment False imprisonment mean s total restraint or deprivation of the liberty of a person without lawful justification. The duration of the time of wait is immaterial. False imprisonment may be committed even without the plaintiffs knowledge e. g. by locking him up in his bedroom while he is asleep and then reopening the door before he has awoken.In such a case the plaintiff may still sue. It is not however necessary that the persons body should be touched. A person is not only liable for false imprisonment when he directly arrests or detains the plaintiff, but also when he actively promotes or causes the arrest or detention of the person. Defenses to assault battery & false imprisonment a). Volenti non-fit injuria A person who has voluntarily consented to come into actual bodily contact with another e. g. in sports, etc cannot later complain against another person who touches him in the course of playing the game.b). Private defense A person is within his legal rights to defense himself, his property or his fa mily. But he must use reasonable force in doing so. c). Legal authority A police officer has statutory authority to arrest a person in the preservation of public peace. Here reasonable force may be used to effect such arrest. d). Forceful entry The rightful owner of property is entitled to use reasonable force to prevent forcible entry on his land or to repossess his land or goods, which are wrongfully in the possession of another. e).Parental authority slew such as parents, teachers, etc can inflict reasonable punishment for the correction and benefit of the children. Thus a parent exercising parental authority can chastise or even lock-up a child reasonably without being guilty of assault, battery or false imprisonment , nor would a school-teacher. TRESPASS TO GOODS A person can sue for trespass to goods where there is wrongful interference with goods, which are in his possession. Such interference includes wrongful conversion, actual taking of or a direct and immediate injury to the goods.The tort of trespass to goods is meant to protect personal property. To constitute the tort of trespass to goods, the plaintiff must show 1. That at the time of trespass, he had the possession of the goods. 2. That his possession had been wrongfully interfered with or disturbed. Trespass to goods are of three categories namely 1. Trespass to chattels. 2. Goods Detenue and 3. Conversion. Trespass to Chattels It means interference with goods, which are in the actual or constructive possession of the plaintiff. It may involve Removal of goods from one place to another, Using the goods or Destroying or damaging the goods wrongfully. For an action to be sustainable The trespass must be direct. The plaintiff must be in possession of the chattel at the time of the interference. The tort is actionable per-se. Detenue This means wrongful withholding or detention of goods from the person entitled to their immediate possession. For example If A lends his book to Band B refuse s, to return it to A, A is said to have committed the tort of Detenue. Conversion This means dealing with goods in a manner that is inconsistent with the right of the person in possession of them.This tort protects a persons interest in dominion and control of goods. The plaintiff must be in possession or have the right to immediate possession. For example If A intentionally sells Bs goods to C without any authority from B, A is guilty of conversion. Acts of conversion may be committed when property is wrongfully taken, parted with, sold, retained, destroyed or the lawful owners right is denied. Defenses to trespass to goods. Limited defenses are available to a defendant against a wrong to goods.The defendant, however, can claim the right of lien. He may also claim other general defenses like statutory or judicial authority. Remedies to trespass to goods. i. Recaption The plaintiff can recapture his goods that have been wrongfully taken away from him provided he uses reasonable forc e. ii. Order for specific restitution The court may also order for specific restitution of the goods where damages is not adequate a remedy. iii. Damages The plaintiff is entitled to claim the full esteem of the goods and damages for any inconvenience suffered by him.OCCUPIERS LIABILITY At common law, an occupier owns a common duty of care to his invites or invitee while within their premises and is generally liable for any injury to them or damage to their goods by reason of condition to their premises. The law relating to occupiers liability in Kenya is contained in the Occupiers Liability Act Cap 34 laws of Kenya. The object of the Act was to amend the law relating to liability of occupiers and to others for injury or damages resulting persons or goods lawfully on any land or other property.Under the Act, an occupier owes a common duty of care to all invitees and their goods. However the common duty of care may be modified or restricted by agreement. The occupier is not liable w here the accident occurs through the defective work of an independent asserter provided he can establish that the contractor was efficient as far as he was able and that he had inspected the work done. Defenses An occupier may escape liability if the injury or damage is occasioned by danger of which the occupier had warned the invitee.The occupier may escape liability in watch of any damages caused to the invitee if occasioned by the fault of an independent contractor. The common duty of care does not impose on an occupier any obligation in respect of risks willingly accepted by the invitee. The occupier owes no common duty of care to trespassers and is not liable for any injury or damage they may suffer while in his premises. NEGLIGENCE Negligence means the breach of a duty caused by the omission to do something, which a reasonable man would do, or doing of something, which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.Negligence consist of neglect to use of ordinary care or skill to wards a person to whom the defendant owes the duty of observing ordinary care and skill, by which neglect, the person has suffered injury to his person or property. The plaintiff suing under tort of negligence must prove that 1. The defendant owed him a duty of care, The circumstances must be such that the defendant knew or reasonably ought to have known that acting negligently would injure the plaintiff. A road user owes other users a legal duty of care.An inviter owes his invitees a legal duty of care. A manufacturer of products owes a legal duty of care to consumers. As a general rule, every person owes his neighbor a legal duty of care. The standard of care expect of the defendant is that of a reasonable man. This is a man of ordinary prudence. A reasonable person is an objective stand created by law for all circumstances. Where professionals or experts are involved, the standard of care is that of a reasonably competent expert in that field.There are some circumstances however where not even a reasonable person could have foreseen the plaintiff suffering any loss, in which case, there is no liability upon the person who has committed the injurious act. 2. There has been a breach of that legal duty of care. The plaintiff has to prove that there was a duty imposed by common law, statute or otherwise, upon the defendant and that the defendant was in breach of this duty. However, at certain times, negligence is presumed without proof of breach of duty by the plaintiff. This is in the case of res-ipsa loquitor.RES IPSA LOQUITOR As a general rule, the burden of proving negligence lies with the plaintiff. He must prove that the defendant owed him a duty of care, that the defendant has breached that duty and that he has suffered damage. However, in certain cases, the plaintiffs burden of proof is relieved by the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor. Where it is applicable reticuloendothelial system ipsa Loquitor means that thing or facts speaks for themselves.This for example, occurs where an accident happens in circumstances in which it ought not to have occurred e. g.a car traveling on a straight road in clear weather and good visibility all at once swerves off the road and overturns, where a barrel of flour suddenly drops from a warehouse, etc. Such an accident ought not to have occurred except for the negligence of the defendant. Res ipsa loquitor is a rule of evidence and not of law. It merely assists the plaintiff in proving negligence against the defendant. Before it can be relied upon, three conditions must be satisfied, namely a) The thing inflicting the injury must have been under the control of the defendant or someone whom he controls.b) The event must be such that it could not have happened without negligence and c) There must be no evidence or explanation as to why or how the event occurred, as the accident is such as in the ordinary course of things does not happen if those who have the duty use proper care. 3. Damage For the plai ntiff to succeed in claim of Negligence, he must prove that he suffered harm, loss or prejudice, unless this is presumed as in the case of Injuria sine damnum. No damage, no negligence. Defenses to Negligence 1.Contributory negligence This defense is available to the defendant in circumstances in which the plaintiff is also to blame for his suffering. The effect of this defense is to reduce the amount retrievable by the plaintiff as damages by the extent of his contribution. Liability is apportioned between the parties. 2. Volenti non fit injuria This is the doctrine of voluntary assumption of risk. 3. Statutory authority The defendant must prove in this defense that he acted in accordance with the provisions of the Act. VICARIOUS LIABILITY Vicarious liability means the liability of one person for the torts committed by another person.The general rule is that every person is liable for his own wrongful act. However, in certain cases a person may be made liable for wrongful acts com mitted by another person. For example An employer may be held liable for the tort of his employees. Similarly, a overtop is liable for any tort, which the servant commits in the course of his employment. The reason for this rule of common law is that As the insure has the benefit of his servants service he should also accept liabilities. The master should be held liable as he creates circumstances that give rise to liability.The servant was at mere control and discretion of the master. Since the master engages the servant, he ought to be held liable when gagging a wrong person. The master is financially better placed than the servant. It must be proved that a person was acting as a servant and that the said tort was committed in the course of his employment before a master can be sued for a tort committed by his servant. MASTER AND SERVANT A servant means a person employed under a contract of service and acts on the orders of his master. The master therefore controls the manner in which his work is done.The concept of vicarious liability is based on the principle of equity that employee is normally people of meager resources and it is therefore only fair that the injured person is allowed to recover damages from the employers. Therefore a master is liable for the torts committed by his servant. To prove liability under master-servant relationship the servant must have acted in the course of his employment A master is liable whether the act in a question was approved by him or not. It is immaterial that the alleged act was not done for the benefit of the master.But the master is not liable for torts committed beyond the scope of employment. INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR An independent contract means a person who undertakes to produce a presumption result without being controlled on how he achieves that result. These are called contract for service. Because the employer has no direct control of him, he (the employer) is not liable for his wrongful acts. a) However, there are certain cases (exception) under which the employer may still be liable. These are a). Where the employer retains his control over the contractor and personally interferes and makes himself a party to the act, which causes the damage.b) b). Where the thing contracted is in itself a tort. c) c). Where the thing contracted to be done is likely to do damage to other peoples property or cause nuisance. d) d). Where there is strict liability without proof of negligence STRICT LIABILITY Strict liability means liability without proof of any fault on the part of the wrongdoer. Once the plaintiff is proved to have suffered damage from the defendants wrongful conduct, the defendant is liable whether there was fault on his part or not. Strict liability must be distinguished from absolute liability.Where there is absolute liability, the wrong is actionable without proof of fault on the part of the wrong-doer and in addition, there is no defense whatsoever to the action. Where there is strict liability, the wrong is actionable without proof of fault but some defenses may also be available. Defenses i. Acts of God Act of God is a good defense to an action brought under the rule. ii. Plaintiffs Fault If the escape of the thing is due to the fault of the plaintiff, the defendant is not liable. This is because the plaintiff has himself brought about his own suffering.iii. Plaintiffs consent or benefit That the accumulation or bringing of the thing was by consent of the plaintiff. iv. Statutory authority That the thing was brought into the land by requirement of an Act of parliament. v. Contributory negligence if the plaintiff was also to blame for the escape. vi. Wrongful act of third party the defendant may take the defence of the wrongful acts of a third party though he may still be held liable in negligence if he failed to foresee and guard against the consequences to his works of that third partys act.DEFAMATION Defamation means the publication of a false avouch ment regarding another person without lawful justification, which tends to lower his reputation in the estimation of right thinking members of society or which causes him to be shunned or avoided or has a tendency to injure him in his office, professions or trade. It has also been defined as the publication of a statement that tends to injure the reputation of another by exposing him to hatred, despite or ridicule.Following are the essential elements of defamation i. False statement The defendant must have made a false statement. If the statement is true, its not defamation. ii. Defamatory statement The statement must be defamatory. A statement is said to be defamatory when it expose the plaintiff to hatred, contempt, ridicule or shunning or injures him in his profession or trade among the people known to him. iii. Statement refers the plaintiff The defamatory statement must refer to the plaintiff.

Modern Irony Essay

Since the beginning of time, man has attempted to unravel the seemingly infinite mysteries of life. The English dramatist Tom Stoppard has written gathers that address the existence of fate (or a predestined outcome for eery human being) and controlling ones own destiny. His escapes in any case deal with the many other uncertainties that arise during a normal persons life such as sex, how we know things, etc. (Tom Stoppard) Stoppards use of goods and services of satire and drawn parallels mirror the image of lifes faults and intricacies. His plays serve to show people the humor and irony that life presents.During the time that Stoppard wrote his first play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein, purchase order was experiencing a social upheaval. The late sixties was a time of experimentation and existentialism. hatful were asking questions rough their very existence in a port never before seen. In this climate, Stoppard saw the opportunity to begin writing plays that dealt with the i ssues of the time (Overview of Tom Stoppard). He took a whimsical spin though, on the method acting in which he delivered it. He embarked on the continuing journey of a great literary tradition, but diverged from its path by ridiculing it.His desire to write plays was non a spontaneous venture during this era, many people wanted to express their thoughts and feelings, and plays were a common medium. Stoppard observed this and pondered if success and experience could be his as well. The oecumenical question being asked around this time was Why are we here? Man has al flairs sought an answer to this question, but now more than than ever was it expressed in literature and plays. Stoppards craft shows a propensity for humor, which offers a more light-hearted viewpoint of this previously serious and mundane subject. Stoppard asks the question of non completely Why are we here? but also How are we here? as well. He explores the intricacies of life in an attempt to derive a meaning . His unmatched touch alleviates the heavy association of philosophy though. Whether or not his question is answered is secondary to the method in which we view it. In Stoppards eyeballs, it is more important to live rather than to comprehend why we live. This approach brought fanfare to Stoppard, as society saw his style as fresh and a plain device to which they could relate. Literary history has had a heavy impact on Stoppards method and conceptual presentation.He admits to being swooned by such masterpieces as Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufock by T. S. Elliot. The ideas that he extracted from these artists and their works helped him divulge his own style to which he could further literature. A parallel may be drawn between Waiting for Godot and Stoppards Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead. Both works feature two men, and their journey in existentialism. Becketts version has them delay for a surreal character (Godot) that, in the end, never appears.The characters are portrayed as confused, and the play takes on an air of severe depression. The play is very such(prenominal) an appeal to the audience, as they too are overcome by this depression. The characters slowly fade away, emotionless and unexcitable. Stoppards version though has his characters embark on a journey a fruitless journey, but a goal to meet none the less. Beckett disarms his audience, while Stoppard embraces them into his play making the audience feel at inhabitancy and comfortable. Stoppard diffuses the rather heavy atmosphere belied by Beckett with satire and a whimsical wit.For example, In Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead, Stoppard portrays the idea of death as a game. He does this in an attempt to show the audience that it is not to be feared. He achieves this by his satirical depiction of the internal play within Hamlet by Shakespeare. The characters in the play perish, and then the actual characters die in the exact same manner. The audience tolerate identify with death, as all humans are touch with their own demise. They take away though, a much less serious approach in viewing it. The other author, Elliot, often depicted his characters as stumbling and indecisive. atomic number 53 of his most famous works, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, deals with a man who is enamored with the variables and uncertainties of approaching a woman that he admires. In the poem, Prufrock realizes that only he cares about his decision, and whether he chooses to pursue her or not, will not matter. He sees himself as part of his own world in which he is the sole occupant. He, sadly, is only limpid enough in his world though to realize how much he is potentially missing by not being completely immersed in it. He cannot solve this problem though, and continues wandering and pondering till the end of time.Stoppard took away from Elliot a similar stance to character development. He portrays his characters as aware, but not completely in tune with their surroundings. The nitty-gritty is one of dismay, but comical as well. Stoppards portrayal is more humorous in nature, displaying them as clumsy and unresponsive. This is exemplified in his play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead. His characters attempt to divulge the plan and their place as designated by the King (Claudius), but are unable to panopticy grasp its meaning. These literary greats do not contribute the fabulous humor that Stoppard has developed though.His humorous elements can best be equated to his passion for the Theatre of the Absurd. This type of theater came into popularity during the mid-fifties and 1960s and was applied to plays that portrayed the human situation without purpose and with absurd plot elements. This form was a reemergence of an attempt towards awareness of mans purpose in life the sense of wonder that man has always had concerning how things work and why. In some respect, it was anti-theater, as it went agains t the basic premise of regular theater. It was illogical and ordinarily had very little or no plot (Culik).Stoppards fascination with this art form had a profound impact on his own individualised style. Sigmund Freud, a proponent of the Absurd, said, In trying to burst the bounds of logic and language, the absurd theater is trying to shatter the enclosing walls of the human condition itself. (Culik) This confirms the spatial concepts that the theater was attempting to portray, and Stoppards comedic element is based upon this illogical and removed nature. The play Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are Dead is a satirical look upon the much more block play Hamlet.It delves into the lives of two supporting characters named Rosencrantz and Guildenstein. The characters unimportance is exemplified in the play by their lack of understanding and baffling thought patterns. This play shows Stoppards portrayal of artificiality of theater. The work is not about the actual play, but the contex t of the play the idea of attending the performance. The characters appeal directly to the audience, instead of becoming immersed in its story and plot. The effect is comical, as the play begins with them merely spinning coins and making bizarre implications towards the audience.Rosencrantz has spun the coin and received heads nearly 85 times. His humorous portrayal of the law of averages is his justification for his luck. This is the plays first look into why things happen. The characters are unable to come to a proper conclusion though and the path that Rosencrantz begins upon (the law of averages) cannot be farther removed from the truth. The play continues with these hilarious situations, finally having the pair receive their mission from Claudius the King. The pair ponders why they have received the mission, and why they must complete it. Stoppard everlastingly asserts that a play is being read. instead of allowing the reader to delve into a story. He makes the reader think o f Hamlet, and its tragic implications and applies a humorous tone to it. In the end of the play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstein are supposedly murdered (the English king is instructed to execute them, but their actual deaths are not witnessed), but instead of a de luxe exit, they merely fade away. Stoppard shows through this that the characters had served only a menial and insignificant purpose. The reader is unable to sympathize with the characters demise, as the play is portrayed with a comical tone.This disservice to death with satire is some(prenominal)(prenominal) eye widening and thought provoking. A person is assaulted with the moral implications of death, instead of offering a deaf benevolence to the characters grief. Stoppards ability to allow the playgoers to analyze what they feel is his greatest achievement in the work not the story itself. Stoppards play Arcadia is another intelligent play that provokes the reader to appraise mans life long debacles. In the play, the characters attempt to grasp the mysteries of sex, and a path towards knowledge that leads to an understanding of the future.The latter is portrayed as an equation developed by Thomasina, in an attempt to control her own destiny. Her professor, Septimus, also contributes to the equation by way of a lesson to his student, Thomasina. He explains to her that the loss of knowledge isnt the end of the world as it is rediscovered eventually in the future. This subject is an explanation of humanitys technological progression and our knowledge. The play attempts to allow the reader to grasp the many unknown or misunderstood concepts in life. Mysteries such as sex can only be acquired through practice and progression of time.Stoppard appeals to the general public that things cannot be instantly understood they must be studied and experimented with to fully grasp the full meaning. These mysteries will eventually be solved, but it shall take time and patience nothing is instantaneous in life. Stoppards inclusion of Thomasinas equation is both humorous and practical in its implication. Thomasinas goal was to create an equation that could more or less tell the future. It is humorous to surmise that a childly equation can predict the future with numbers. The limitless variables and uncertainties in life will forever impede such an advancement. Stoppard attempts to explain that life itself is intangible it can neither be predicted nor reduced to a simple equation. Stoppards plays contain many useful outlooks on how a person should view their life on earth. People are always concerned with the future and their own death (and when it will occur). Stoppard believes that man shouldnt view life with such a critical eye and instead should accept certain facts to be true. Man is powerless concerning the ability to control life. There are many uncertainties in life that are both humorous and infinitely escapable to the human mind.His plays show inept characters driven into the grou nd by their consumption of the study of life. Stoppard suggests through his characters comical adventures that life is for living, and the consequence of a life spent longing and pondering equates to a life disenfranchised of pulp and meaning. The meaning which man longs for cannot be quantified it must be experienced to survive the surface of significance.Works CitedStoppard, Tom. Arcadia. Stoppard, Tom. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Tom Stoppard. DISCovering Biography. Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Student Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 17 January 2005http//galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRC

Springtime in the Canterbury Tales

Brooke Schweitzer Dr. OCallaghan Eng 402 April 11, 2010 Springmagazine in The Canterbury Tales _See how the lilies of the field grow. Yet I tell you that not even Solomon in all his splendor was dressed similar one of these. -Matthew 628-29_ Springtime and hit is inevitably linked in Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Chaucer uses the images of leapingtime from the very beginning of the prologue to promote the thinker of renewal and overall joyfulness. Not only is it used to establish tone or idea in the prologue, but is also used closely with the descriptions of beauty for the tales that follow.Chaucer knew that that his readers would without hesitation identify with springtime and the idea of renewing ourselves for a new season, just like the pilgrims we read about. Anyone who reads the Canterbury Tales will find pilgrims who are not without faults going on a pilgrimage to a religious site looking to purify themselves. By placing them in springtime he has set up a direct contrast betw een what early Christians would pee deemed a holy life and the ones conduct by the travelers. Found even in descriptions of beauty.The pilgrims stories are in centering, asking us to look closely at our own nature and perhaps base the idea of changing ourselves for the better. Chaucer uses an intense theme of springtime to promote the ideas of youthfulness and beauty. The most prominent example is in the very opening lines of the General Prologue, Whan that April with his shoures soote/ The droghte of surround hath perced to the roote/ And bathed every veyne in swiche licour (Pg 41 line 1-3) In the beginning we have the opening of April. We know that it is the very beginning of the month because the second line mentions that expose hath pierced to the roote. Although many would say that this would mean there had been a droghte leaving things dry. When I read this line I considered the geographical weather patterns of Britian and concluded that it is forever and a day raining there. Even if the weather may have been different than the weather patterns we have there today, I assumed this to be a poetic manner to say that March has completed its time. Along with the idea of the beginning of April, Chaucer tells us, With shoures soote/And bathed every veyne in swiche licour. So we have the imagery of everything being drenched in nutrient rich water.If everything is healthy, we can assume then that all the flowers, trees, grass and even the animals are now young and growing. Nature is awakening to a renew season just like the pilgrims seeking renewal. The direct connection with our own self renewal along with nature is also mirrored in the descriptions of beauty. in that location are at least two examples of the women of the tales being described in terms of nature and the beauty of spring. In the Knights Tale Emily is described, that fairer was to sene/ than the lylie upon his stalk green/ and fressher than the may with Floures newe. Again we are seein g this connection with not only a flower but again the idea of early May with new, young flowers. She is fresh, without blemish. She is therefore then the perfect idea of beauty. She does not need renewal or to change her nature. I believe that it is safe to say that in Chaucers time the image would be in the likness of impudence in terms of faith. Perhaps by describing Emily in such a way the idea is that she is without sin. She is the perfect idea of a Christian lady.We see this again when the carpenters wife from the Millers Tale is described. Her looks are described at length until it is mentioned, She was fully moore blissful to see/ Than is the newe perejonette tree. It is rather comedic that she is compared to a young tree. Unlike a young flower, a young pair tree is small and frail. It does not have many leaves or contain much fruit. In modern day terms it is difficult to see beauty in a tree. Trees are sure something to marvel, but the point being that she is beautiful but is not without her faults.Unlike Emily from the former story, she has some rough edges. She is described as wild and flighty, By aspect up these two different descriptions, Chaucer shows the reader that it is far better to be a lily on a stalk of green than a new pear tree. We are seeing how the pilgrims want to change themselves to resemble something as fresh as a flower. It also worth considering the idea that since we define the beginning of spring when we first start to see flowers and leaves on trees, that perhaps Chaucer is saying that women are in control of love?By describing them in such a way could suggest that many of the women in the stories are in control of the situation. They can deny or accept a man. Although the connections between the springtime setting and the descriptions of beauty are subtle ones, they impact the overall theme that the reader takes away from the story. Like the pilgrims, we find ourselves being educated, entertained and chastised for our behavior. Springtime is a time of freshness and everything having a new start.Having an overall Christian audience for his story, Chaucer new they would relate to the freshness of spring. It is the same reason we celebrate Easter today. The entire tradition relies on the idea of being born again and rising up from who we are before. It is about letting go of the faults that hold us down. Just like the pilgrims in the stories we read, we reflect on the morals that the travelers tell each other. By the end we find that the common and rich alike have them and it is about who we as large number believe we should behave, live and learn.

M&S Case Study Essay

IntroductionAs declared by Andrew (2001), the Porters generic strategies framework assist the business to evaluate a warring atmosphere. The basketball team Porters force mainly deal with entry threat, creator of emptors and suppliers, substitutes threat, and competitive rivalry.The threat of entryAccording to Porter (1980), entry freedom into a new market is normally considered an indication of the extent of companys competitiveness. Porter further states that the larger the barriers to entry, the less the threat of new companies lamentable into the market. Marks and Spencer individually can keep prices low strategically to minimize possible entrants into the market. This is called entry deterring pricing that establishes a barrier to other competitors. As stated by Anthony (1999), these barriers are unique characteristics of an industry that defines it. The barriers decrease the pace at which new firms enter the industry thus maintaining low profits levels for other companies .The power of buyersFor Marks and Spencer to root to its customers, it has to emphasis on grassroots acquisition of customers so as to offer an enlarged negotiate power to them. Consumers can improve their negotiate power suppose the services or reapings of an organization are not affordable or are of low quality. The consumers an also have strong bargaining power suppose they purchase standard, undifferentiated goods from suppliers. The buyers give be weak if producers can over own retailing if the producers are not standardized and the buyer cannot switch to another product (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). The company has tried to minimize such cases for high competitive advantage. The company has also to find new delivery methods that will improve customer satisfaction.Power of suppliersAccording to Porters (1980), a supplier can have influence suppose the company works within a especial(a) market and there is a degree of substitutability. As asserted by Grant (2005), there are some factors that determine the power of the company to pull in all the needed account to meet the relevant profits. There are credible onwards integration threats by suppliers, suppliers concentration, cost of substitution suppliers, and its powerfulness to boycott low quality products (Anthony, 1999). The company has to maintain a chain of suppliers for its products to beat the competition.Threat of SubstitutesPorter (1980) describes the threat of substitution as the appointment of substitute products that can perform the same function as the product in question. Marks and Spencer experiences some threats from the products of other companies. To an economist, intimidation of competitors take place supposes the product demand is affected by switch over in price of the competitors. Marks and Spencers products demand have been adversely affected by the strategic change in prices of other companies (Coyne, 1996). The new fashions available and the changing dressing mode are creati ng high competition between Marks and Spencer and other competitive companies. aspirationMarks and Spencer faces high competition because various companies have emerged producing high quality products at affordable prices. This high concentration shows that the company has many competitors and majority has an central market share. To counter competition, Marks and Spencer has managed to lower prices so as to gain a temporary advantage. It has also strived to improve their product features and qualities during the manufacture (Grant, 2005).ReferencesAndrew, H., 2001. Understanding Potters five force analyses in the industries view in the global world. Macmillan publishers. pp.22-27.Anthony, W., 1999. Strategic comparison of business to consumers relationships. Macmillan publishers.Coyne, K., 1996. Bringing obedience to policy. The McKinsey Quarterly. No.4.Grant, R., 2005. Modern policy investigation. The Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.).Johnson & Scholes, 2002. Strategic Man agement. sixth ed. Exploring Corporate Strategy Text & Cases.

Environmental Factors Essay

(A) Selection of an Organization M/S GE TractorsM/s GE Tractors produces tractors, and dairy machines. Tractors are allotted to the Michigan unit in view of its location in the natural market zone for tractors. To supplement GE tractor production, a second tractor assembly line for 45 HP and 59 HP tractors has been in operation since 1985 at Michigan to meet the requirements of tractors in that area. It alter its product range to provide cushion for the cyclical variations in the market and bearing itself globally. Besides supplying its products all over USA it has made its blank space globally. It is exporting tractors and related dairy machines to Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, most of the European countries, Africa and Asian continent. A specific goal of 7,000 tractors worth $50 million in the coming 1-3 long time is targeted so that there is a sustained growth in volume say 5% per annum.(B)High-level domestic and global purlieual factors that may impact the organization marketing decisionBusiness planning is basically concerned with the structuring of the relationship between a business and its environment. The environment in which business operates has a greater influence on their successes or failures. There is a strong linkage between the changing environment, the strategic response of the business to such changes and the performance. It is important to rede the forces of environment the way they influence this linkage. The environment which is dynamic and changing holds both opportunities and threats for the organizations. The organizations while attempting at strategic realignments, try to capture these opportunities and avoid the emerging threats. At the same time the changes in the environment affect the attractiveness or risk levels of various investments of the organizations or the investors.The environment in which the business operates broadly populate of the Political, Ethical, Social, Cultural aspects, Technological and the Ecologic al related issues like pollution, sustainability etc. The Technological temper and its progress has been the key driver behind the study changes witnessed in the environment making it increasingly complex. These factors often overlap and the developments in one area may influence developments in other.Careful analysis of the above factors helps in identifying major trends for different industries. Changes in these external forces affect the changes in consumer demand for both industrial and consumer products and services. These external forces affect the above company i.e. M/s GE Tractors regarding the types of products produced, the nature of positioning them and market segmentation strategies, the types of services offered and choice of business. Therefore, it becomes important for the organizations to identify and evaluate environmental opportunities and threats so as to develop a top out mission, designing strategies to achieve long-term objectives and develop policies to achi eve short-term goals.(C) Technology impacts the organizations marketing decisionsTechnological factors represent major opportunities and threats which must be have gotn into vizor while formulating strategies. Technological breakthroughs can dramatically influence the organizations products, services markets, suppliers, distributors, competitors, customers, manufacturing processes, marketing practices and competitive position. M/s GE Tractors is investing heavy in R& D projects to bring out new models hence Technological advancements can open up new markets, change the relative position of an industry and render existing products and services obsolete. Technological changes can reduce or eliminate cost barriers between businesses, create shorter production runs, create shortages in technical skills and result in changing values and expectations of customers and employees.changingThe impact of information technology (IT) which combines fruits of both telecommunications and compute rs has been revolutionary in every field. Not still has it opened up new vistas of business but also has changed the way the businesses are done. IT has specifically brought in another dimension Speed which organizations recognize as the additional source of competitive advantage beyond low cost and differentiation. Manufacturers, bankers and retailers prolong used IT to carry out their traditional tasks at lower cost and deliver higher value added products and services.(D)Importance of social responsibility and ethics as related to organizations marketingSocial Demographic characteristics such as population, age dispersion, literacy levels, inter-state migration, rural-urban mobility, income distribution etc. are the key indicators for understanding the demographic impact on environment. The growing number of senior citizens and their livelihood needs have been highlighted and the government is world forced to pay more attention in the form of social security benefits etc.Socia l attitudes, values, customs, beliefs, rituals and practices also influence business practices in a major way. Social values and beliefs are important as they affect the buying behavior.The spread of consumerism, the rise of the middle class with high disposable income, the insolent lifestyles of people acetifying in software, telecom, media and multinational companies seem to have changed the socio-cultural scenario and these needs to be understood deeply.Values in society also determine the work culture, approach towards stakeholders and the various responsibilities the organization thinks of owing to its stockholders and the society.Ethics Considering Literacy and the composition of literates in the country creates opportunities for particular type of industries and type of jobs. For example on one consecrate , the presence of multimillionaires in middle east countries encouraged many software giants to set up shops and on the other , the availability of cheap labor ,those cou ntries have become a destination of labor intensive projects. Large labor mobility across different occupations and regions has cut down wage differentials and this has an impact for business to take the proper course.Understanding of the environment in which an organization operates is the foremost pre-requisite towards strategy formulation. The six broad dimensions which the framework provides of the environment are capable of giving a comprehensive overview of how things may be unfolding. The objective of the analysis should not only restrict to the present and past but the real focus should be on projecting the trends into future in order to get the real feel of the environment. This shall enable the firm to proactively strategize for future considering the environment it is going to face and the issues which will be of importance.

The Investigation of the Controlled and the Automatic Processes Employing the Stroop Effect Experiment.

The investigation of the experienceled and the semi self-winding formes employing the Stroop effect look into. Abstract The intervention between the controlled and the automatic regalees was observed in the Stroop effect type essay using two different intends. The original Stroop effect experiment concluded that the participants proceeds find it much difficult to complete the ingesting occupation of the speech related to colour meaning in comparison to the exhibiting undertaking of non-colour related speech. The result of Stroop experiment supported the whimsey that control and automatic processes can obstruct each other in certain tasks.In the current experiment, the two conditions in reading task were modified to make them look more visually similar. The result indicated that despite of visual similarities, the automatic processes interposed with control processes due to the colour related properties of the words in Stroop condition. Introduction The heavy(p) quantity of information we come across in our e very(prenominal)day life is staggering. It is very hard to understand how much of this information is taken in and how much of the information just pass by. It is up to cognitive processes to decide how much and to what extent the information is accepted for further processing.This selection process has been identified as attention. All of the above is indicating that our brain is not capable to process all the information available to us and so attentional processes be required. Various theories were devised to clarify and explain the process of selection, such as a limited capacity theory of Kahneman or bottleneck theory of attention by Broadbent (as cited in Edgar, 2007) However how much of this process are we aware of? Can we influence how much of the information is taken in or is it our subconscious which is in control?The attentional processes are divide between conscious control processes and subconscious automatic proc esses. Even though both processes operate in very different ways, they both can work simultaneously and both befuddle their advantages and disadvantages. The control process is conscious, therefore easy to control, however it is using a large amount of the processing resources. Based on the experiments conducted by Schneider and Shiffrin (as cited in Edgar, 2007), it is assumed that automatic processed are not using up attentional resources as no conscious awareness is employed.The most famous experiment demonstrating the interference between the control and automatic processes was carried out by Stroop (1935). In the original Stroop experiment the participants were presented with a list of words printed in different coloured sign. In the first list, the words were tropes of colour printed in ink which never matched with the name of the colour Stroop condition. Second list was containing a colour-neutral words. The participants were asked to read the name of the colour of the in k instead of the word itself. The finding was that in the colour-neutral words, the participants completed the task without difficulties.However, in the Stroop condition the participants found it more difficult as they were trying to prevent responding with the name of the colour rather than the colour of the ink. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) The experiment above is demonstrating mavin of the disadvantages of the automatic processes. Even though the automatic processes are not using up our precious attentional resources, they can interfere with the control processes as we are not able to just turn them off. To test this theory further a present experiment was created using both the Stroop condition model and the control condition.However, the Stroop condition was modified to include the colour-related words rather than the names of the colour. The words use were such as blood or carrot with strong singing to the certain colour. The words were printed in the colour ink not matching wi th the colour related to the word. Even though the control condition contained the non-related colour words, the words were visually very similar to the words in Stroop condition. The research hypothesis was that as in Stroop condition the participants will find it more difficult to read colour-related words. This is one-tailed hypothesis.The null hypothesis was that there wouldnt be any difference in time taken to complete reading task of each list. manner Section Design The design employed in the experiment is a within-participants design. The independent variable was a reading task of the colour of the words printed on the list provided. The independent variable had two conditions, the Stroop condition and control condition. The Stroop condition contained the colour-related words printed in incompatible colour ink with the word and the control condition contained non-colour related words printed in various colour inks.The word list in the Stroop condition had 5 words repeatedly printed in incompatible ink with the word. The words in the control list were matched to the word list in Stroop condition to contain the exact same number of letters of each matched word. The word order and well as the colour order was matched exactly in the both lists. The dependent variable was the time measure to complete the reading task of each list. The measurement was complete in seconds by the researcher using a stop watch and it was recorded to the nearest second. The participants were given the task individually in order to limit any confounding variables.Participants The twenty participants joined in this experiment were current students at the Open University and their friends and family members. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 69 and there were 12 females and 8 male participants. Materials The two visual stimuli were presented to each participant on A4 sheet paper in colour containing 30 words divided into two columns of 15 words. A stimuli for the Stroo p condition contained 5 colours-related words printed in incompatible ink with the word. The six colours used were red, yellow, green, orange, purple and blue.The words used in the Stroop condition were blood, lemon, grass, carrot, plum, sky. A stimuli for the control condition contained exact same number of word and same colours were used. The words matched with the Stroop condition. The words used have the exact same number of letters, they stared with the same first letters and they visually resembled the words in the Stroop condition. The words used in the control condition were blame, ledge, grade, carrer, plan, sty. each word was repeated 6 times on each sheet. Both lists are included in vermiform appendix 1.The standard instruction (included in Appendix 2) printed on A4 paper were read to the participants. The consent form (included in Appendix 3) was supplied to participants to sign. The data were recorded to the nearest second and logged on the response sheet. A stopwatch was employed to record reading time accurately. Procedure Each participant was approached and asked if they will be willing to take part in a cognitive psychology experiment with a focus on controlled and automatic processing of information. All participants were explained a basic of the experiment and asked to sign a consent form.All participants were tried and true individually. The age and sex of the participants were recorded prior to the start of the experiment. The full instructions were read to the participants and it was made sure that it was clear before proceeding. (Appendix 2 Instructions) All participants acquire the same instruction. Both lists were presented as A4 print out in coloured ink. Both lists were presented separately to the participants, only few seconds before asking the participant to read the colour of the words aloud. The first list to read was the Stroop condition list followed by a control condition list.With every other participants the order of the institution of the list was switched around. Full experiment took approximately minutes with each participant. The reading of each condition was recorded separately using an accurate stopwatch. The results were recorded on the response sheet. After the experiment the participants were informed about the hypothesis of experiment and explained the differences between the both conditions. Result The research hypothesis in this experiment was that participants will take longer to complete the Stroop condition.The time to read through the full list of each condition individually was recorded to the nearest second. As put back 1 is indicated, the mean response time of Stroop condition is 2. 65 seconds slower than the mean response in the control condition. The paired sample t-test was carried out using these data obtaining following result. The difference between these conditions is statically significant (t(19)=3. 933, p=0. 002, d=0. 44) Based on the information above the null hypothes is was rejected and the experimental hypothesis accepted. Table 1Mean and standard deviation of response time in secondsConditionMean response time (In seconds)Standard deviation Experiment (Stroop) condition23. 606. 533 Control condition 20. 955. 520 Discussion The result of the experiment above proved that despite of using colour-related words, rather than the name of the colour as per original Stroop experiment, the findings were similar. The participants found it more difficult to read the colour-related words printed in colour which didnt match the visual perception of the certain word. The participants tried to avoid reading the colour of the word associated with particular word therefore this reading task took longer.Even though, the neutral words looked visual similar, and they were recorded in exact same colour order, the participants completed this reading task more apace due to the lack of the meaning of the words and no analogy to the specific colour. Therefore, in th e control condition, only automatic processes were activated and there was no interference with the control processes and as a result the participants found this task easier. The control and automatic processes can interfere with each other doing certain tasks. Specifically, the automatic process of reading was interfering with controlled process of naming the colour of the ink.Nevertheless, the current experiment was conducted with only twenty participants. There is a possibility that if the experiment was conducted with much larger sample the results may not be as conclusive. Especially , as further experiments indicated, the automatic processes can be influenced by individual strategies. To imply this notion to the Stroop experiment, it has been found that just by focusing on the first letter of each word, the automatic processes the Stroop effect can be reduced. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) This would imply that automatic processes are not completely free and unconscious as previ ously suggested.In addition, the automatic and controlled processes are not completely fixed. For example, reading was controlled process before it was versed and became control process. This observation suggests that the relationship between the controlled and automatic processes is on continuum and can evolve with time. Gopher (1993) proposes that attentional skill can be learned to a certain extent depending on the situation or internal motivation. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) In conclusion, the result of the experiment is supporting the notion that the control processes can interfere with the automatic processes when trying to complete certain tasks.However, further experiments in this specific field would have to be conducted to determine the full extent of automatic responses and their relation to the control processes. References Edgard, G. (2007) Perception and attention, In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, & K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 3-50). Milton Keynes The O pen University Appendices Appendix 1 Word lists containing experimental and control condition (not included) Appendix 2 Instructions (not included) Appendix 3 Consent Form (not included) Appendix 4 Raw data Appendix 5 SPSS print-out of t-test