Marxist Theories of Punishment

Marxist Theories of PunishmentThe application of punishment is determined by the class scheme. Critically discuss this with reference to Marxist theories of Punishment.This essay is going to critically discuss with reference to Marxists theories of punishment whether the application of punishment is determined by the class system. In golf-club to do this we first demand an understanding of what Marxist conjecture is based on, how Marx differentiates the class system and how punishment fits in to his possible action. At the time of Karl Marxs work, he had witnessed many vicissitudes across Western Europe. Marxism tried to get people to understand the indian lodge they lived in and whilst he did only a minuscule amount of work on actual crime and criminals, he did acknowledge that there was conflict within society (History Learning Site, 2010). He prize there was a split in society between the richesiest and the poor. One of Marxs main focus in his scheme was the economy and he believed those who had wealth were the great powerful and those who were poorer were the powerless. By the start of the industrial era Marx believed society to be split between two economic classes. The poorer end of society known as the proletariat which is alike known to be the working-class, and the public opinion-class he described as being a more dominant class, called the bourgeoisie these were owners of wealth that did not need to work. The incorporate and owning of private property by the wealthiest (which was the start of Capitalism) and the exploitation of boil done by the working class was his main idea in his theory on the conflict of classes. Marx saw conflict in society as being due to a scarcity of resources and a historical inequality in the distri plainlyion of those resources, notably power. (Williams and McShane, 2010 134).Marxists criminologists suggest that class struggle affects crime in three different positions. Firstly, they suggest that law is a too l used by the public opinion class to swear the working class. They believe that is why there is no law enforcement for the ruling class (Michalowski and Bohlander, 1976 cited in Williams and McShane, 1988 135), they said that behaviour that is not placed under any law but instead placed under just administrative and governing laws can only be to encour mount up themselves. Marxist think law is an abuse to general human rights and they to a fault question the power of the law and it purpose in its application, if the working class be policing the working class (Schwendinger and Schwendinger, 1970, 1972, 1977 Platt, 1974 cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). Secondly, Marxists see all crime in a slap-upist society as a carrefour of class struggle. It causes the working class the need to chase to get ahead which can manifest itself it to criminal behaviour. The divide between these two classes and the conflict, creates competition. Someone entrust deficiency something and when they look there is no other way of achieving this, criminal activity can take place (Bohm, 1982 as cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). This can be seen in Emilie Durkheims Anomie theory.There are other theories that besides recognise a division in society. Emilie Durkheims anomie theory also recognised the division in society and in his book termed it as the division in labour. He studied Europe after the industrial revolution and Durkheim saw from forced industrialisation and commercialisation, a large economic crisis could define factors of causing a state of anomie. He described this as a partition of social norms for the working class. He stated without clear rules to guide the working class, individuals find it hard to find a place in society. He concludes that this in turn causes dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict and deviance. Durkheims anomie theory looks at social norms in society being broken while Mertons Strain theory (1938) looks more at deviance who also refe rs to bureaucratic behaviour as well as criminal behaviour in his theory. In Mertons theory he saw certain goals emphasised through society and used financial success as an example. He said not everyone has equal admission charge to these financial achievements or success and that some people may look for illegitimate ways to gain this success. Because of this social inequality and division in society between the working class and ruling class, he believes that certain goals are just not available for certain groups within society such as the lower social class. Mertons anomie theory is often referred to as strain theory as this lower or working class feel a strain to achieve illegitimately ways to gain this success and those groups with the least access to achieve these goals have luxuriouslyer crime and deviance place tally to Merton. In his study of US societies that these higher rates of crime were amongst the lower classes (Williams and McShane, 1988 79-83). These theories of anomie and strain theory all take the same tutelage as Marxist theory in that they believe there to be a division in society between working class and the ruling class. With the ruling class holding the most power and the working class trying to achieve this. The power held by the dominant class has also been termed pagan chapiter (Giddens, ).Marxism influences cultural capital. Pierre Bourdieu another sociologist influenced by Marx argues that it is the education system, to blame for the failure of the working class, not the working class culture. He referred to the cultural capital as those who were in possession of the dominant culture and thought this could be translated in to wealth and power through the education system. He claimed that cultural capital in class structure was not evenly proportionate and he could see this in the class structure through the disparities in education development achieved by those of different classes. Bourdieu claims that middle class stud ents succeed better than those of the working class as they are the dominant culture. He states that education attainment is at once related to those who possess the most cultural capital (Giddens Sociology).Gramsci was a Marxist thinker in the 20th century whose work evaluated culture and political leadership. He believed that the bourgeoisie uphold control, that they developed a hegemonic culture which he saw transmitted its own set of norms and value that just became common sense values and norms of everyone. People from classes outside the ruling class acknowledged their own good with the good of the ruling class. Marxism always expected a revolution in capitalistic societies but by early 20th century no revolution had occurred in such advanced countries. Gramscis theory suggested that capitalism maintained control not just through political and economic coercion, but also through ideology as well. (Perry Anderson, 1976. (The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. New Left Review). SE NTENCE TO WRAP IT UPMarxism saw the creation of two different groups that were created through the rise of capitalism the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) and he claimed that these two classes offered nothing but new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones. They saw that the labour of the working class needed to be exploited in order for the ruling class to gain more capital. Marxism referred to this as oppression and believed that the ruling class exercised their power over the working class in order to control them. Rusche (1980) took the same approach in his theory of punishment and social structure. He states that when wages go up because of the lack of labour that this in turn causes the ruling class to apply their power to supply the need for cheap labour. Rusche saw that the exploitation of prison house labour began to be the preferred method over front methods such as corporal and capital punishment. He claims thatW hen a labour surplus occurs, wages go down causing a mass unemployment resulting in extremely high penalties, such as corporal and capital punishment executed in a torturous fashion. This is thought to be needed in order to keep crime down (Rusche, 1980).During the industrial era the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named the house of correction. These were set up in a bid to help supply their need for cheap labour. The house of corrections main aim and focus was there to make those that didnt want to work and was unwilling to work, to make them work. Rusche and Kircheimer (1939) claimed that by being forced to work within this institution that the prisoners would pick up skills in the hope that they could take with them to the labour market on release. During period where labour was in excess, and the attitude changed toward the poor, it became unprofitable to force people to work and prisons became warehouses for people that he also claimed cost money. He al so claimed that the attitudes towards punishment need to change when the living conditions of the working class began to get worst. In order to see that people were being punished according the conditions of the prison had to be worse than those of the prisoners conditions on the out side of prison. As Jenner (2014) stated the conditions need to be markedly more unpleasant than the conditions of life go through by those of the lowest strata living free in society. This of course, had economic advantages, less food was needed and no medical assistance offered, but it came to be seen that the living conditions of the working class, did not vary much, from those of the prison. This caused the conditions to deteriorate even worst in an attempt to deter the working class not to end up inside the prison (Rusche and Kirchiemer, 1939).Evidence to support these theories that prison is a way of controlling the working class by the ruling class can be seen in the inequalities of the prison po pulation. According to a report by NACRO (1997a 1997b) England and Wales have one of the highest prison populations in Western Europe which in 1997 was as high as 61,000. They reckoned this figure could rise by the year 2005 to 82,000. A national survey done by the Home Office carried out on prison population in 1991 showed that it was made up by uneducated young men, many whom had an ethnic minority background. His study found some interested figures in evidence of the theories that have been presented in this essay. This study found that 40% of the prison population to be under 25 but over 18 compared to 16% of the general population this shows there is a huge over representation of young men between 18-25 years old, imprisoned. It found that 41% of prisoners either represent no skills or had very little, compared to 18% of the general population again a large over representation of unskilled labour force. This study also found that 15% of prisoners were from Black or Asian ethni c minorities yet these minorities only make up 5% of the general population. 40% of prisoners under the age of 25 had left school before they were supposed to, compared with only 11% of the general population. 38% of prisoners under 21 had experienced being in sympathize with whilst only 2% of the general population experience this and 13% said they did not have a place to live before they entered the prison system (Walmsley et al., 1992 cited in NACRO, 1997b). From these figures and our knowledge of Marxism with regards to class struggle and the segregation of the lower class, how the ruling class exert their power over the working class and how they use this power to control, we can see that the prison has been used in the same way. That it is a mere control of the bourgeoisie bid to control the working class. This can also be seen in the application of law and how the bourgeoisie wrong doings do not fall under any law but as mentioned earlier fall under administrative and govern ing laws in order to protect their own. This could also be argued in the case of why white triplet crime does not get much attention paid to it over criminal law.REFERENCESAnderson, P. (1976) The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. New Left Review.Bohm, R.M. (1982) Radical Criminology An explanation. Criminology, 19, 565-589.Giddens Sociology).History Learning Site (2010) Marxism and offensive activity online available at. http//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm accessed on. (20th Feb 2014).Jenner, A. (2014) Assessment Workshop SC6001 Justice, Punishment and societal Control. 27th February, 2014.Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (2007) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (4th edt), University Press Oxford.Merton, R. K. (1938) cordial structure and anomie. 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